Manejo Clínico ­ Quirúrgico de pacientes con Fisura Anal en la Unidad de Coloproctología del HECAM / Clinical-Surgical Management of patients with Anal Fissure in the Unit HECAM Coloproctology

La fisura anal es una de las enfermedades más antiguamente descritas, la misma que, ha tenido hasta el momento múltiples tratamientos tanto médicos como quirúrgicos, existiendo controversias en su algoritmo terapéutico. Constituye una de las patologías cuyo diagnóstico y tratamiento corresponde a la Especialidad de Coloproctología, afecta a ambos sexos y a cualquier edad y puede ser aguda o crónica. Proponemos el presente Protocolo para un adecuado manejo de la patología, de manera que sirva de guía en la toma correcta de decisiones basadas en la evidencia y el consenso de quienes integramos la Unidad Técnica de Coloproctología del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín.

Anal fissure is one of the oldest described diseases, which has so far had multiple medical and surgical treatments, with controversies in its therapeutic algorithm. It is one of the pathologies whose diagnosis and treatment corresponds to the Coloproctology Specialty, it affects both sexes and any age and can be acute or chronic. We propose the present Protocol for an adequate management of the pathology, so that it serves as a guide in the correct decision making based on evidence and consensus of those who integrate the Technical Unit of Coloproctology of the Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín.

Clinical trial combining botulinum toxin A injection and fissurectomy for chronic anal fissure: a dose-dependent study

ABSTRACT Background Anal fissure is a common surgical disease that is usually treated conservatively. The golden surgical treatment for anal fissure is lateral internal sphincterotomy, but it may result in multiple complications. Therefore, other treatment methods have recently been introduced, and one of them is the injection of botulinum toxin A (BTA) and fissurectomy. In the present study, we aim to evaluate the effectiveness of the combination of fissurectomy and BTA injection in the treatment of chronic anal fissure by single surgeon. Materials and Methods The present is a non-randomized prospective cohort study conducted by a single surgeon in Saudi Arabia. Our sample was composed of 116 female patients, with mean age of 36.57 ± 11.52 years, who presented to our Surgical Outpatient Clinic with chronic anal fissure between October 2015 and July 2020, and were treated with BTA injection combined with fissurectomy. They were followed up for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 weeks, and after one year to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the treatment. The main outcomes analyzed were symptomatic relief, complications, recurrence, and the need for further surgical intervention. Results The treatment with BTA injection combined with fissurectomy was effective and safe in 115 patients (99.1%) at 1 year of follow-up. A total of 5 patients experienced recurrence at 8 weeks, which resolved completely with pharmacological sphincterotomy, and 12 patients experienced minor incontinence, which disappeared later. Conclusion In total, 70 units of BTA injection combined with fissurectomy is a suitable second-line treatment of choice for chronic anal fissure, with a high degree of success and a low rate of major morbidity. (AU)

Fisura anal: anatomía, patogenia y tratamiento / Anal fissure - anatomy, pathogenesis and treatment

RESUMEN La fisura anal es una patología proctológica frecuente caracterizada por un desgarro oval en el anoder mo que, si bien es pequeño, puede producir mucho dolor y angustia en el paciente. La etiología exacta aún se discute, pero está relacionada con una hipertonía del esfínter anal en la mayoría de los casos. El tratamiento inicial es médico, con fármacos que disminuyen el tono del esfínter anal. Las fisuras cróni cas generalmente requieren tratamiento quirúrgico. La esfinterotomía interna lateral tiene un elevado porcentaje de éxito y se considera el tratamiento de referencia. En este artículo haremos una revisión de la anatomía, fisiopatología y opciones terapéuticas actuales de las fisuras anales.

ABSTRACT Anal fissure is a common anorectal condition. While it often presents as a small oval tear in the anoderm, it can cause significant pain and anguish to the patient. The exact etiology is still debatable but increased anal tone is associated with most fissures. The initial management is medical with agents intended to reduce the anal tone. More chronic fissures usually require surgical intervention. Lateral internal sphincterotomy has a high success rates and is considered the gold standard of interventions. In this article we review the relevant anatomy, pathophysiology and contemporary treatment options for anal fissures.

Anoplastia com plicoma sentinela para o tratamento de fissura anal crônica / Anoplasty with skin tag flap for the treatment of chronic anal fissure

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar os resultados de longo prazo da correção de fissuras anais crônicas em pacientes sem hipertonia anal usando a técnica de anoplastia com o plicoma sentinela. Métodos: estudo prospectivo de pacientes com fissura anal crônica refratários ao tratamento conservador e sem hipertonia anal, submetidos à operação de anoplastia com utilização do plicoma anal para cobrir a área cruenta. Foi confirmada a ausência de hipertonia anal através do toque retal e da eletromanometria. Foi aplicado um questionário de dor visual e o escore de incontinência fecal da Cleveland Clinic, antes e após a cirurgia. Resultados: quinze pacientes com fissura anal crônica foram acompanhados por um período médio de 29 meses (12 a 56). A média de idade foi 41 anos (29 a 69) e a duração dos sintomas variou entre seis meses e cinco anos. A cicatrização ocorreu entre três e seis semanas para 13 pacientes (86,7%). Os outros dois pacientes foram submetidos a desbridamento e nova anoplastia, com sucesso. Em nenhum paciente ocorreu necrose do plicoma ou estenose anal. O escore de incontinência anal não se alterou após o procedimento e todos os pacientes referiram melhora da dor. Após 12 meses de seguimento, nenhum paciente apresentou recorrência ou incontinência anal e 93,3% (14/15) dos pacientes responderam estar muito satisfeitos. Conclusão: fissurectomia e anoplastia com o uso do plicoma sentinela é uma técnica segura que resulta em melhora da dor sem alterações da continência fecal e com altas taxas de satisfação.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the long-term results of the correction of chronic anal fissures (CAF) in patients without anal hypertonia using the technique of anoplasty with skin tag flap. Methods: we conducted a prospective study of CAF patients refractory to conservative treatment without anal hypertonia, subjected to anoplasty with the use of anal plicoma to cover the bloody area. We confirmed the absence of anal hypertonia through rectal exam and electromanometry. We applied a visual pain questionnaire and the Cleveland Clinic fecal incontinence score before and after surgery. Results: we followed 15 patients with chronic anal fissure for a mean period of 29 months (12-56). The mean age was 41 years (29-69) and the duration of symptoms ranged from six months to five years. Healing occurred between three and six weeks for 13 patients (86.7%). The other two patients underwent debridement and new anoplasty successfully. No plicoma necrosis or anal stenosis occurred in any patient. The anal incontinence score did not change after the procedure, and all patients reported reduced pain. After 12 months of follow-up, none of the patients presented recurrence or anal incontinence, and 93.3% (14/15) of the patients were very satisfied. Conclusion: fissurectomy and anoplasty with the use of sentinel plie is a safe technique that results in improvement in pain without change of fecal continence and with high satisfaction rates.

Epidemiology and outcomes of anal abscess in patients on chronic dialysis: a 14-year retrospective study

OBJECTIVES: We conducted this retrospective study to elucidate the clinical presentation and outcomes of anal abscess in chronic dialysis patients. METHODS: We performed a chart review of patients who were hospitalized for anal abscess from Jan. 2002 to Dec. 2015. A total of 3,074 episodes of anal abscess were identified. Of these, 43 chronic dialysis patients with first-time anal abscess were enrolled. Patients were divided into a surgical group and a nonsurgical group according to the treatment received during hospitalization. The baseline characteristics, clinical findings, treatments and outcomes were obtained and analyzed. The endpoints of this study were in-hospital mortality, one-year mortality and one-year recurrence. RESULTS: Of the 43 patients, 27 (62.7%) received surgical treatment, and 16 (37.2%) received antibiotic treatment alone. There was no significant difference in age, sex, body mass index, smoking habits, comorbidities, or dialysis characteristics between the two groups. Perianal abscess was the most common type of anal abscess, and 39.5% of patients experienced fistula formation. Most patients had mixed aerobic and anaerobic flora. Our data demonstrate that there was no significant difference in hospital stay, one-year survival or recurrence rate between the surgical group and nonsurgical group. However, there was a trend toward better in-hospital survival in patients who received surgical treatment (p=0.082). CONCLUSION: In chronic dialysis patients with anal abscess, there was no statistically significant difference in clinical presentation and outcomes between the surgical and nonsurgical groups, although the surgical group had a trend of better in-hospital survival.

Evaluation of outcomes in fissurectomy and V-Y advancement flap for the treatment of chronic anal fissure / Avaliação de desfechos na fissurectomia e retalho de avanço em V­Y para o tratamento de fissura anal crônica

ABSTRACT Chronic anal fissure is difficult to treat. Surgery is usually recommended in the case of drug therapeutic failure. Fecal incontinence in patients with weaker sphincters (multipara older patients with a history of pelvic surgery etc.) is a major reason for rejecting surgery. Such these patients should be underwent fissurectomy and V-Y advancement flap in which sphincterotomy is not required. In this prospective study, we determined the outcomes and complications of fissurectomy and V-Y advancement flap in both groups of patients with low and high anal sphincter tones.

RESUMO A fissura anal crônica tem tratamento difícil. A cirurgia geralmente é recomendada em caso de falha do tratamento medicamentoso. A incontinência fecal em pacientes com esfíncteres mais fracos (pacientes multíparas mais velhas com história de cirurgia pélvica etc.) é uma razão importante para a rejeição da cirurgia. Esses pacientes devem ser submetidos a fissurectomia e retalho de avanço em V-Y no qual a esfincterotomia não é necessária. Neste estudo prospectivo, determinamos os desfechos e complicações da fissurectomia e o retalho de avanço em V-Y em ambos os grupos de pacientes com tônus baixo e alto do esfíncter anal.

TeleCondutas: fissura anal / TeleGuides: anal fissure

A fissura anal é uma laceração do revestimento do canal anal inferior. É uma das patologias benignas anorretais mais comuns e, em muitos casos, resolve-se espontaneamente. Sua prevalência é igual entre os sexos e é mais comum em adultos jovens. A grande maioria das fissuras são primárias e causadas por trauma local, como constipação, diarreia ou sexo anal. Fissuras secundárias são encontradas em pacientes com Doença de Crohn, malignidades (neoplasia epidermoide do canal anal, leucemia), tuberculose ou doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (HIV, sífilis, clamídia). Esta guia apresenta informação que orienta a conduta para casos de fissura anal no contexto da Atenção Primária à Saúde, incluindo: classificação, avaliação clínica, diagnóstico, tratamento clínico, tratamento cirúrgico e encaminhamento para especialista.

Implementación de un programa de cirugía proctológica en régimen de cirugía mayor ambulatoria: experiencia inicial / Early results of an ambulatory surgery programme for benign anorectal disorders

Introducción: La realización en régimen de cirugía mayor ambulatoria (CMA) de procedimientos proctológicos complejos es aún infrecuente en nuestro medio. El objetivo del presente trabajo es presentar los resultados iniciales de un programa de cirugía proctológica en régimen de CMA que incluye procedimientos complejos tales como esfinteroplastias o colgajos de avance rectal. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo en el que se incluyeron 186 pacientes intervenidos de patología proctológica en un programa de CMA. El programa se basó en la unión de una Unidad de Coloproctología con amplia experiencia en cirugía proctológica y una Unidad de CMA ya establecida en el centro. Se analizaron los resultados tanto de ingreso como de reintervención en el postoperatorio inmediato y precoz. Resultados: Entre enero de 2014 y diciembre de 2015 se realizaron un total de 197 intervenciones, destacando 105 (53,3%) cirugías de fístula anal, 33 (16,8%) hemorroidectomías y 11 (5,6%) esfinteroplastias. De los pacientes intervenidos por fístula perianal, en 25 (23,8%) se realizó un colgajo de avance rectal. Una paciente (0,5%) requirió ingreso tras la cirugía por haberse realizado un proceso más complejo del inicialmente programado, todos los demás pacientes pudieron ser dados de alta sin complicaciones. Tres pacientes (1,5%) reingresaron en el postoperatorio precoz y fueron reoperados debido a una hemorragia poshemorroidectomía, un absceso perianal y dolor anal. Conclusiones: La implementación de un programa de patología proctológica en régimen de CMA que incluya procedimientos complejos como el colgajo de avance endorrectal o la esfinteroplastia es factible, con una baja tasa de ingresos en hospitalización y reingresos posteriores.

Introduction: Complex procedures for anorectal disorders are uncommonly performed as Ambulatory Surgery (AS). The aim of this study was to describe the early results of an AS program that included complex procedures such as advancement rectal flaps for fistula repair. Material and methods: A retrospective descriptive study was performed with 186 patients who were submitted to AS because of benign anorectal disorders. The AS program for anorectal disorders started when a Colorectal Surgery Unit with broad experience in anorectal surgery joined an AS Unit that was already working in the hospital. Hospital admissions and need of early reoperation were analyzed. Results: One hundred and ninety seven procedures were performed between January 2014 and December 2015. One hundred and five (53.3%) fistula repair surgeries were performed, as well as 33 (16.8%) hemorrhoidectomies and 11 (5.6%) anal sphincter repairs. Among the patients who were operated because of an anorectal fistulae, 25 (23.8%) were submitted to advancement rectal flap. One patient (0.5%) could not be discharged after the surgery because the procedure performed was more complex than previously expected. All other patients were discharged. Three patients (1.5%) were addmited during early postoperative course, all of them had to undergo revisional surgery because of hemorrhage, pain and anorectal abscess respectively. Conclusions: Anorectal procedures, including complex procedures such as advancement rectal flap and sphincter repair, can be performed as AS with a low percentage of patients addmited before or after discharge.

Clinical, functional and morphologic evaluation of patients undergoing lateral sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure treatment. Identification of factors that can interfere with fecal continence / Avaliação clínica, funcional e morfológica de pacientes submetidas à esfincterotomia para tratamento da fissura anal. Identificação dos fatores que podem interferir na continência fecal

Objective: Evaluate clinical, functional and morphologic outcomes of lateral sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure treatment, and correlate the findings with factors that influence in the anal continence. Method: In a prospective study, female patients treated by lateral sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure were assessed using Wexner's incontinence score and grouped according to score: group I (score = 0) and group 2 (score ≥1) and evaluated with anal manometry and anorectal 3D ultrasonography. Results: Thirty-six womens were included, 33% had vaginal delivery. Seventeen patients were included in group I and 19 in group II. We found no difference in age, parity and mode of delivery between groups. A significant difference with respect to percentage reduction in resting pressures was noted, when comparing group 1 versus group 2. The anal sphincter muscle length was similar in both groups. However, the length and percentage of transected internal anal sphincter was significantly greater in group II. Conclusion: There was a correlation between fecal incontinence symptoms after sphincterotomy with the percentage of resting pressure reduction, length and percentage of transected internal anal sphincter. .

Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados clínicos, funcionais e morfológicos de pacientes submetidas à esfincterotomia para tratamento de fissura anal, correlacionando os resultados com os fatores que podem interferir com a continência fecal. Método: Foram avaliadas prospectivamente pacientes do sexo feminino submetidas à esfincterotomia lateral interna devido à presença de fissura anal crônica utilizando o escore de incontinência de Wexner e distribuídas em dois grupos. Grupo 1- Escore igual a zero e Grupo 2 - maior ou igual a 1. As pacientes foram submetidas à avaliação funcional e anatômica do canal anal utilizando manometria anorretal e ultrassonografia tridimensional anorretal. Resultados: Das 36 pacientes incluídas, 33% tinham história de parto vaginal. Dezessete pacientes foram incluídas no Grupo 1 e 19 no Grupo 2. Não houve diferença quanto à idade, paridade e tipo de parto entre grupos. Houve diferença significante em relação ao percentual de redução na pressão de repouso quando comparado o grupo 1 com grupo 2. Não houve diferença no comprimento da musculatura esfincteriana entre grupos. No entanto, o comprimento e o percentual de esfíncter anal interno seccionado foram significativamente maiores no grupo 2. Conclusão: Há correlação entre os sintomas de incontinência fecal pós esfincterotomia com o percentual de reducão das pressões de repouso, tamanho e percentual do esfíncter anal interno seccionado. .

Caracterización anátomo-clínica de la fístula fisuraria / Clinical and anatomical features of fissure-associated anal fistulae

Background: Fissure-associated anal fistulae are not recognized in Parks classification and are probable underdiagnosed. Aim: To characterize these types of fistulae and describe their surgical management and long term results. Material and Methods: Review of medical records of a proctology surgical team. Identified patients were contacted by telephone to know their long term fate. Results: Twenty patients aged 29 to 59 years (70 percent males), with fissure-associated anal fistulae were operated between 1998 and 2011. These corresponded to 4 percent of all ano-rectal fistulae operated in the period. A fistulectomy was performed in 65 percent of patients and a fistulotomy in the rest. In 50 percent of patients, internal lateral sphicterotomy was also performed. Follow-up information was obtained in 80 percent of patients, 71 months (range 7-169) after surgery. No relapses or reoperations were recorded. Two female patients referred occasional gas incontinence, not affecting their quality of life. Conclusions: Considering the trajectory of fissure-associated anal fistulae, they do not affect the sphincter. The usual surgical treatment has a good long term prognosis, except in patients with active fissures, sphincter hypertonia or stenosis.

La fístula fisuraria (FF) es una fístula subcutánea no reconocida en la clasificación de Parks, probablemente existe un sub-diagnóstico de esta entidad. Objetivo: Caracterizar esta entidad desde el punto de vista anátomo-clínico, describiendo el manejo quirúrgico efectuado y sus resultados a largo plazo. Material y Método: Revisión retrospectiva de la base de datos de cirugía proctológica de nuestro hospital entre los años 1998-2011, con encuesta telefónica para conocer los resultados funcionales alejados. Resultados: Se intervinieron 20 FF, correspondientes al 3,9 por ciento del total de fístulas anorrectales operadas en el período (70 por ciento hombres), con una edad promedio de 47 años (extremos 29-59). Se realizó una fistulectomía en 65 por ciento de los casos y una fistulotomía en el resto. Se asoció esfinterotomía lateral interna (ELI) en la mitad de los casos. Se completó seguimiento en 80 por ciento de los pacientes, con un promedio de 71 meses (extremos 7-169), sin recidivas de la fístula ni reoperaciones. Dos pacientes de sexo femenino con ELI refieren incontinencia ocasional a gases, que no afecta su calidad de vida. Conclusión: Dado el trayecto de la FF, la fistulectomía no afecta el aparato esfinteriano y tiene un buen pronóstico a largo plazo con el tratamiento quirúrgico habitual. No es necesario adicionar una ELI, salvo en pacientes con fisura activa y/o marcada hipertonía esfinteriana y/o estenosis moderada.

Comparison of lateral internal sphincterotomy with 0.2% glyceryl trinitrate in the management of chronic anal fissure

To compare the effectiveness of topical Glyceryl trinitrate Ointment with Lateral internal Sphincterotomy in terms of relief of pain healing of fissure and absence of bleeding over a period of two months. Randomized controlled trial. Department of Surgery, Combined Military Hospital Peshawar from Feb 2007 to August 2007. This study included 80 patients of chronic anal fissure. Patients were randomly divided in two groups with 40 patients in each group. One group was prescribed with 0.2% GTN Ointment intra anally 4 times a day for 8 weeks in OPD [group A]. Second group was admitted in Surgical ward and lateral internal sphincterotomy was performed on each patient by open technique under general anaesthesia [group B]. In Group A 33 [82.5%] patients had healed fissure at the end of 8 weeks While in group B 37 out of 40 [92.5%] patients had healed fissure at the end of 8 weeks. 0.2% Glyceryl trinitrate can be offered as first line of treatment for chronic anal fissure which means that surgery can be avoided in more than 82% of the patients

Fisura anal, opciones terapéuticas actuales: [revisión] / Anal fissure, actually treatment options: [review]

La fisura anal es una patología frecuente y probablemente la causante de la mayor parte de las proctalgias agudas severas. Esta revisión tiene por objetivo, evaluar los procedimientos actualmente utilizados para el tratamiento de esta enfermedad. En principio se describen algunos aspectos ligados a la etiopatogenia y a la evolución natural con la intención de comprender la utilización de las distintas modalidades terapéuticas. Posteriormente se analizan las características de cada método en particular, como así también sus beneficios, efectos adversos y resultados. Al final del trabajo, se expone el algoritmo de tratamiento seguido por los autores.

The anal fissure is a frequent pathology and probably the cause of most of the severe acute proctalgias. This revision has by objective, to evaluate the procedures at the moment used for the treatment of this disease. In principle some aspects related to etiopatogenia are described and to the natural evolution, with the intention to understand the use of different therapeutic modalities. Later the characteristics of each method in individual are analyzed, like thus also their benefits, adverse effects and results. At the end of the work, the algorithm of treatment followed by the authors is exposed.

Botulinum toxin versus surgical sphincterotomy in females with chronic anal fissure

To compare the effectiveness and the morbidity of botulinum toxin [BTX] in the treatment of chronic anal fissure [CAF] versus the standard surgical sphincterotomy. One hundred female patients with CAF were treated by either closed lateral sphincterotomy [surgical group [Group I, n=50 patients]] or BTX 40 IU [chemical group [Group II, n=50 patients]]. The study was conducted in the King Abdul-Aziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, over 3 years between January 2004 and December 2006. The healing rate was 100% in surgical group with no recurrence on the period of 3 years follow up and one patient has partial permanent incontinence. While in chemical group the healing rate was 86% [p=0.006]. Ten patients had transient incontinence [p=0.014]. Seven patients had recurrence within 6 months 14% [p=0.006]. We conclude that chemical sphincterotomy is safe, effective first line treatment in selected female patients with CAF

Experience with staged mucosal advancement anoplasty for high trans-sphincteric fistula-in-ano / Experiencia con la anoplastia por avance de colgajo de mucosa para la fístula anal transesfintérica

Successful eradication of a complicated, recurrent fistula-in-ano with maintenance of anal continence, requires a specialized surgical approach. Mucosal advancement anoplasty is associated with acceptably low rates of recurrence and continence and is reported in this small series of 11 patients where it followed preliminary deployment of a loose guiding and drainage seton. The technique was also supplemented by internal anal sphincter repair at the time of the advancement anoplasty. Success was achieved in nine cases without any effect on reported continence.

La erradicación exitosa de la fístula anal complicada, recurrente, con mantenimiento de la continencia anal, requiere un abordaje quirúrgico especializado. La anoplastia por avance de colgajo de mucosa esta asociada con tasas aceptablemente bajas de recurrencia y continencia, y se reporta en esta pequeña serie de 11 pacientes, en la que a continuación se produjo el uso preliminar de un sedal (setón) de drenaje y laxo de guía. La técnica fue también complementada por la reparación del esfínter anal interior en el momento de la anoplastia de avance. Se logró éxito en nueve casos sin efectos sobre la continencia reportada.

Fisura anal aguda. Tratamiento convencional versus trinitrato de glicerilo / Acute anal fissure. Standard versus glyceryl trinitrate treatment

Antecedentes: El tratamiento no quirúrgico de la fisura anal aguda sigue siendo objeto de múltiples estudios. Quisimos conocer como podíamos mejorar los resultados añadiendo un donante de óxido nítrico al tratamiento convencional. Objetivo: Comparar dos tratamientos médicos para la fisura anal aguda, el tratamiento convencional versus trinitrato de glicerilo (TNG). Lugar de aplicación: Consultorios externos de coloproctología de hospitales privados. Diseño: Prospectivo, comparativo, aleatorio, multicéntrico. Población: 167 pacientes mayores de 18 años con fisura anal aguda. Método: Grupo I (TNG), n = 78. La dosis se calculó en 0,8 mg. Evaluamos efectos colaterales de la medicación y tasa de éxito. Grupo II (tratamiento convencional), n= 89. Se evaluó el dolor mediante una escala numérica al momento de la consulta y a los 3, 7 y 10 días. Resultados: El tratamiento fue insuficiente (necesidad de medicación agregada, benzodiacepinas) en 15 pacientes del grupo I y 1 paciente de este grupo necesito cirugía. Mientras que en el grupo II el tratamiento fue insuficiente en 8 pacientes (8,9 por ciento) y requirieron cirugía 12 pacientes (13 por ciento). No hubo que suspender en ningún paciente el TNG. Dentro de la evaluación del dolor vimos que gran parte del grupo I a los 3 días se situaba en el punto de menor dolor mientras que en el grupo II no hubo cambios. Conclusiones: El tratamiento con TNG es más eficaz en la tasa de curación, y es más efectivo en calmar el dolor que el tratamiento convencional.

Cost effectiveness of topical glyceryl trinitrate versus lateral internal sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure

To compare the cost effectiveness of initial use of topical glyceryl trinitrate [GTN] before lateral internal sphyncterotomy against the sphincterotomy as primary treatment modality for chronic anal fissure. This prospective randomized study was conducted at Isra University Hospital, Hyderabad between November 2004 and October 2005. Fifty patients fulfilling the criteria were randomized into two equal groups. One group was treated with topical GTN ointment and other group with lateral internal sphincterotomy. Patients were followed up for one year. In case of failure of treatment or recurrence in GTN group, the patients were subjected to lateral sphincterotomy. The total expenditures of treatment in both groups were separately calculated and compared. Pain relief was observed in 92% of the patients in both the groups after 6 weeks. Complete healing of fissure was observed in 92% and 88% of the patients in GTN group and sphincterotomy group respectively after 6 weeks. Recurrence was observed in 16% of the patients in GTN group and non in sphincterotomy group after one year. The sphincterotomy was avoided in 76% of the patients in GTN group during one year. The total expenditure of GTN group was Pakistani Rupeed [PKR] 139500 and of sphincterotomy group was PKR 387500; about 2.8 time the expenditure of GTN group. The initial use of topical GTN before sphincterotomy against the sphincterotomy as primary treatment modality for chronic and fissure is cost effective and provides substantial monetary benefit

[Botulinum toxin in treatment of chronic idiopathic anal fissure]

Anal fissure is a chronic condition characterized by painful defecation and rectal bleeding. The aim of this study was to compare the injection of botulinum toxin [BT], versus with surgical lateral internal sphincterotomy [LIS]. In this clinical trial, 40 patients enrolled with chronic idiopathic anal fissure [CIAF] and were divided into 2 groups [20 BT group and 20 LIS group]. Both groups were compared according to complications and healing process during one week, following, 2 and 4 months after interventions. There were no statistical significant differences between 2 groups as a viewpoint of duration of disease, pain and other symptoms at the beginning of the study. The rate of healing in the LIS group was greater than the BT group within the first month [16/0], and second month [16/7] [p<0.05], however, there were no significant differences between the two groups in the 4[th] month [17/11] of the study [p>0.05]. In comparison with the BT group, the severity of pain in the LIS group decreased significantly. There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding complications. Healing in the BT group was approximately similar to the LIS; yet it appears to occur slower than LIS. Therefore, according to the results of the study, injection of the BT is recommended within the first step of CIAF treatment. To obtain the maximum healing effects of BT, a minimum period of 4 months is needed